Tanaman Obat Delima

Tanaman Obat Delima

Delima

(Punica granatum L.)
Sinonim :Malum granatum Rumph.
Familia :Punicaceae.

Penyakit Yang Dapat Diobati :
Sewaktu panen, buah dikumpulkan. Bijinya dikeluarkan, lalu kulitnya dijemur sampai kering. Sebelum digunakan, dapat disimpan dalam wadah yang tertutup baik. Kulit buah rasanya asam, pahit, sifatnya hangat, astringen, beracun (toksik). Berkhasiat menghentikan perdarahan (hemostatis), peluruh cacing usus (vermifuga), antidiare, dan antivirus. Kulit buah dan bunganya merupakan astringen kuat. Rebusan keduanya bisa menghentikan perdarahan. Kulit kayu dan kulit akar mempunyai bau lemah dan rasa asam. Berkhasiat sebagai peluruh dahak, vermifuga, pencahar, dan astringen usus. Daunnya berkhasiat untuk peluruh haid. Daging buah (daging pembungkus biji) berkhasiat penyejuk, peluruh kentut. Biji sifatnya sejuk, tidak berracun, berkhasiat pereda demam, antitoksik, melumas paru, dan meredakan batuk. Kulit akar berkhasiat peluruh cacing usus. Kulit buah menghambat pertumbuhan basil typhoid. Kulit buah dapat mengendalikan penyebaran infeksi virus polio, virus herpes simpleks, clan virus HIV.

Uraian :
Delima berasal dari Timur Tengah, tersebar di daerah subtropik sampai tropik, dari dataran rendah sampai di bawah 1.000 m dpl. Tumbuhan ini menyukai tanah gembur yang tidak terendam air, dengan air tanah yang tidak dalam. Delima sering ditanam di kebun-kebun sebagai tanaman hias, tanaman obat, atau karena buahnya yang dapat dimakan. Berupa perdu atau pohon kecil dengan tinggi 2--5 m. Batang berkayu, ranting bersegi, percabangan banyak, lemah, berduri pada ketiak daunnya, cokelat ketika masih muda, dan hijau kotor setelah tua. Daun tunggal, bertangkai pendek, letaknya berkelompok. Helaian daun bentuknya lonjong sampai lanset, pangkal lancip, ujung tumpul, tepi rata, pertulangan menyirip, permukaan mengkilap, panjang 1--9 cm, lebar 0,5--2,5 cm, warnanya hijau. Bunga tunggal bertangkai pendek, keluar di ujung ranting atau di ketiak daun yang paling atas. Biasanya, terdapat satu sampai lima bunga, warnanya merah, putih, atau ungu. Berbunga sepanjang tahun. Buahnya buah buni, bentuknya bulat dengan diameter 5--12 cm, warna kulitnya beragam, seperti hijau keunguan, putih, cokelat kemerahan, atau ungu kehitaman. Kadang, terdapat bercak-bercak yang agak menonjol berwarna tebih tua. Bijinya banyak, kecil-kecil, bentuknya bulat panjang yang bersegi-segi agak pipih, keras, tersusun tidak beraturan, warnanya merah, merah jambu, atau putih. Dikenal tiga macam delima, yaitu delima putih, delima merah, dan delima ungu. Perbanyakan dengan setek, tunas akar atau cangkok.

Nama Lokal :
NAMA DAERAH Sumatera: glima (Aceh), glimeu mekah (Gayo), dalimo (Batak). Jawa: gangsalan (Jawa), dalima (Sunda), dhalima (Madura). Nusa Tenggara: jeliman (Sasak), talima (Bima), dila dae lok (Roti), lelo kase, rumau (Timor). Maluku: dilimene (Kisar). NAMA ASING Shi liu (C), granaatappel (B), grenadier (P), granatbaum (J), luru (V), thap thim (T), granada (Tag.), pomegranate (I). NAMA SIMPLISIA Granati Cortex (Wit kayu delima), Granati Pericarpium (Wit buah delima).

BAGIAN YANG DIGUNAKAN
Bagian tanaman yang digunakan sebagai obat adalah kulit kayu, kulit akar, kulit buah, daun, biji, dan bunganya. Kulit akar dikeringkan terlebih dahulu sebelum digunakan. Kulit buah dapat digunakan segar atau setelah dikeringkan.

INDIKASI
Kulit buah (shi flu pi) digunakan untuk:
sakit perut karena cacing,
buang air besar mengandung darah dan lendir (disentri amuba),
diare kronis,
perdarahan seperti wasir berdarah, muntah darah, batuk darah, perdarahan rahim, perdarahan rektum,
prolaps rektum,
radang tenggorok,
radang telinga,
keputihan (leukorea)
nyeri lambung.

Kulit akar dan kulit kayu digunakan untuk:
cacingan terutama cacing pita (taeniasis),
batuk,
diare.

Bunga digunakan untuk:
radang gusi,
perdarahan,
bronkhitis.

Daging buah digunakan untuk:
menurunkan berat badan,
cacingan,
sariawan, tenggorokan sakit, suara parau,
tekanan darah tinggi (hipertensi),
sering kencing,
rematik (artritis),
perut kembung

Biji digunakan untuk:
menurunkan demam, batuk,
keracunan
cacingan.

Cara Pemakaian
Untuk obat yang diminum, rebus kulit akar atau kulit kayu yang telah dikeringkan (7 g). Rebus kulit buah (10--15 g). Makan buahnya (1 buah) atau dibuat jus. Bisa dicampur dengan jus wortel.
Untuk pemakaian luar, rebus kulit buah atau kulit akar, lalu gunakan airnya setelah dingin untuk kumur-kumur (gargle) pada radang gusi, sakit tenggorok, luka tersiram air panas, infeksi jamur di kaki, atau disemprotkan ke liang kemaluan (vagina) pada keputihan. Gunakan jus buah delima untuk berkumur pada sariawan, radang gusi, gigi berlubang, atau sebagai obat kompres pada wasir yang sedang meradang.

PEMAKAIAN DI MASYARAKAT
Cacingan
Cuci akar delima yang telah dikeringkan (7 g.), lalu potong-potong seperlunya. Rebus dengan satu gelas air selama 15 menit. Setelah dingin, saring dan minum airnya sekaligus.
Rebus kulit delima kering dan serbuk biji pinang (masing-masing 15 g) dengan tiga gelas air bersih. Didihkan perlahan-lahan selama satu jam. Setelah dingin, saring dan minum sekaligus sebelum makan pagi.
Campur jus buah delima dengan jus wortel, masing-masing setengah gelas. Aduk sampai merata, lalu minum sekaligus
Masukkan bubuk biji delima kering (satu sendok makan) dalam segelas jus nanas yang belum terlalu masak. Aduk merata, minum sewaktu perut kosong.

Radang gusi
Cuci bunga delima (tujuh kuntum) dengan air bersih, lalu rebus dengan segelas air bersih sampai mendidih. Setelah dingin, saring dan gunakan untuk kumur-kumur.

Perdarahan
Rebus bunga delima (20 g) dengan tiga gelas air bersih sampai tersisa separuhnya. Minum air rebusan dua kali sehari, masing-masing tiga perempat gelas.

Luka
Campurkan serbuk kulit buah atau bunga delima secukupnya dengan minyak wijen. Aduk merata, lalu oleskan pada bagian yang luka.

Sariawan
Ambil dua buah delima segar yang sudah masak. Ambil isi berikut bijinya, lalu tumbuk sampai halus. Tambahkan satu gelas air sambil diaduk merata, lalu saring. Gunakan airnya untuk berkumur, lalu telan. Lakukan 2--3 kali sehari, sampai sembuh.

Sering kencing
Ambil isi buah delima (yang segar dan masak, satu buah) dan segenggam kucai, lalu potong-potong seperlunya. Rebus dengan tiga gelas air bersih sampai tersisa separuhnya, angkat dan dinginkan. Minum air rebusan dua kali sehari, masing-masing tiga perempat gelas.

Keputihan
Rebus kulit delima kering (30 g) dan herba sambiloto kering (15 g) dengan satu liter air bersih. Biarkan sampai air rebusannya tersisa separuhnya. Setelah dingin, saring clan bagi untuk tiga kali minum, pagi, siang, dan malam hari. Air rebusan ini juga bisa digunakan untuk cuci vagina. Khusus wanita yang sudah menikah, gunakan dengan alat semprot yang masuk ke liang vagina.

Batuk sudah berlangsung lama
Ambil sebuah delima yang belum terlalu masak. Setiap malam sebelum tidur, kunyah biji delima tersebut. Buang bijinya.

Suara serak, tenggorokan kering
Ambil sebuah delima segar, belah, dan ambil isinya. Kunyah, lalu buang bijinya. Lakukan 2--3 kali sehari.

Komposisi :
Kulit buah (shi liu pi) mengandung alkaloid pelletierene, granatin, betulic acid, ursolic acid, isoquercitrin, elligatanin, resin, triterpenoid, kalsium oksalat, dan pati. Kulit akar dan kulit kayu mengandung sekitar 20% elligatanin dan 0,5--1% senyawa alkaloid, antara lain alkaloid pelletierine (C8H14N0), pseudopelletierine (C9H15N0), metilpelletierine (C8H14NO.CH3), isopelletierine (C8H15N0), dan metilisopellettierine (C9H1,N0). Daun mengandung alkaloid, tanin, kalsium oksalat, lemak, sulfur, peroksidase. Jus buah mengandung asam sitrat, asam malat, glukosa, fruktosa, maltosa, vitamin (A, C), mineral (kalsium, fosfor, zat besi, magnesium, natrium, dan kalium), dan tanin. Alkaloid pelletierine sangat toksik dan menyebabkan kelumpuhan cacing pita, cacing gelang, dan cacing keremi. Kulit buah dan kulit kayu juga astringen kuat sehingga digunakan untuk pengobatan diare.

Sumber : Iptek.net

Delima (punica granatum)

Delima (punica granatum)

Delima (punica granatum) adalah tanaman buah-buahan yang dapat tumbuh hingga 5-8 m. Tanaman ini diperkirakan berasal dari Iran, namun telah lama dikembangbiakkan di daerah Mediterania. Bangsa Moor memberi nama salah satu kota kuno di Spanyol, Granada, berdasarkan nama buah ini. Tanaman ini juga banyak ditanam di daerah Tiongkok Selatan dan Asia Tenggara.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pomegranate (punica granatum)

Pomegranate (punica granatum)

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Rosidae
Order: Myrtales
Family: Lythraceae
Genus: Punica
Species: P. granatum
Binomial name
Punica granatum
L.

The pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree growing to between five and eight metres tall. The pomegranate is native to the region from Iran to the Himalayas in northern India and has been cultivated and naturalized over the whole Mediterranean region and the Caucasus since ancient times. It is widely cultivated throughout Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, India, Pakistan, Syria, Turkey, the drier parts of southeast Asia, Peninsular Malaysia, the East Indies, and tropical Africa[1]. Introduced into Latin America and California by Spanish settlers in 1769, pomegranate is now cultivated in parts of California and Arizona for juice production.[2]

In the Northern Hemisphere, the fruit is typically in season from September to January.[3] In the Southern Hemisphere, it is in season from March to May.

Foliage and fruit
The leaves are opposite or sub-opposite, glossy, narrow oblong, entire, 3–7 cm long and 2 cm broad. The flowers are bright red, 3 cm in diameter, with four to five petals (often more on cultivated plants). The fruit is between a lemon and a grapefruit in size, 5–12 cm in diameter with a rounded hexagonal shape, and has thick reddish skin and around 600 seeds.[4] The seeds and surrounding pulp, ranging in color from white to deep red, called arils, are edible; indeed, the fruit of the pomegranate is a berry. There are some cultivars which have been introduced that have a range of pulp colors such as purple.

Punica granatum nana is a dwarf variety of P. granatum popularly used as Bonsai trees and as a patio plant. The only other species in the genus Punica is the Socotran pomegranate (Punica protopunica), which is endemic to the island of Socotra. It differs in having pink (not red) flowers and smaller, less sweet fruit. Pomegranates are drought tolerant, and can be grown in dry areas with either a Mediterranean winter rainfall climate or in summer rainfall climates. In wetter areas, they are prone to root decay from fungal diseases. They are tolerant of moderate frost, down to about −10°C (14°F).

Etymology
The name "pomegranate" derives from Latin pomum ("apple") and granatus ("seeded"). This has influenced the common name for pomegranate in many languages (e.g., German Granatapfel, seeded apple). The genus name Punica is named for the Phoenicians, who were active in broadening its cultivation, partly for religious reasons. In classical Latin, where "malum" was broadly applied to many apple-like fruits, the pomegranate's name was malum punicum or malum granatum, the latter giving rise to the Italian name melograno, or less commonly melagrana.

A widespread root for "pomegranate" comes from the Ancient Egyptian rmn, from which derive the Hebrew rimmôn, and Arabic rummân. This root was given by Arabs to other languages, including Portuguese (romã)[5], Kabyle rrumman and Maltese "rummien". The pomegranate ('rimmôn') is mentioned in the Bible as one of the seven fruits/plants that Israel was blessed with, and in Hebrew, 'rimmôn' is also the name of the weapon now called the grenade. According to Webster's New Spanish-English Dictionary, "granada," the Spanish word for "pomegranate," could also mean "grenade." According to the OED, the word "grenade" originated about 1532 from the French name for the pomegranate, la grenade. La grenade also gives us the word grenadine, the name of a kind of fruit syrup, originally made from pomegranates, which is widely used as a cordial and in cocktails.

Origin, cultivation and uses
The pomegranate originated in Persia and has been cultivated in Georgia, Armenia and the Mediterranean region for several millennia.[6]

In Georgia, and Armenia to the east of the Black Sea, there are wild pomegranate groves outside of ancient abandoned settlements. The cultivation of the pomegranate has a long history in Armenia, where decayed remains of pomegranates dating back to 1000 BC have been found. [7]

Carbonized exocarp of the fruit has been identified in Early Bronze Age levels of Jericho, as well as Late Bronze Age levels of Hala Sultan Tekke on Cyprus and Tiryns[citation needed]. A large, dry pomegranate was found in the tomb of Djehuty, the butler of Queen Hatshepsut; Mesopotamian cuneiform records mention pomegranates from the mid-Third millennium BC onwards.[8] It is also extensively grown in South China and in Southeast Asia, whether originally spread along the route of the Silk Road or brought by sea traders.

The ancient city of Granada in Spain was renamed after the fruit during the Moorish period. Spanish colonists later introduced the fruit to the Caribbean and Latin America, but in the English colonies it was less at home: "Don't use the pomegranate inhospitably, a stranger that has come so far to pay his respects to thee," the English Quaker Peter Collinson wrote to the botanizing John Bartram in Philadelphia, 1762. "Plant it against the side of thy house, nail it close to the wall. In this manner it thrives wonderfully with us, and flowers beautifully, and bears fruit this hot year. I have twenty-four on one tree... Doctor Fothergill says, of all trees this is most salutiferous to mankind."[9] The pomegranate had been introduced as an exotic to England the previous century, by John Tradescant the elder, but the disappointment that it did not set fruit there led to its repeated introduction to the American colonies, even New England. It succeeded in the South: Bartram received a barrel of pomegranates and oranges from a correspondent in Charleston, South Carolina, 1764. Thomas Jefferson planted pomegranates at Monticello in 1771: he had them from George Wythe of Williamsburg.[10]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Labels: Delima, Pomegranate, Punica granatum

Jarak

Jarak

(Ricinus communis Linn.)
Sinonim :
R. inermis et lividus, Jacq. R. speciosus, Burm. R. viridis, Willd. Croton spinosa, Linn.

Familia :
Euphorbiaceae

Penyakit Yang Dapat Diobati :
Kanker rahim, Kank. kulit, Sulit buang air besar, Sulit. Melahirkan, ; TBC, Bisul, Koreng, Scabies, Infeksi jamur, Jerawat, lumpuh otot muka; Gatal, Batuk, Hernia, Bengkak, Reumatik, Tetanus, Bronkhitis;

Uraian :
Tumbuh liar di hutan, tanah kosong, sepanjang pantai, atau ditanam sebagai komoditi perkebunan. Dapat tumbuh di areal yang kurang subur asalkan pH tanahnya 6 - 7 dan drainase airnya baik, sebab akar jarak tidak tahan terhadap genangan air. jarak merupakan perdu tegak yang tumbuh pada ketinggian antara 0 - 800 m di atas permukaan laut, tinggi 2 - 3 m, mudah dikembang-biakkan dengan biji-bijian yang telah tua. Jarak adalah tumbuhan setahun (anual) dengan batang bulat licin, berongga, berbuku-buku jelas dengan tanda bekas tangkai daun yang lepas, warna hijau bersemburat merah tengguli. Daun tunggal, tumbuh berseling, bangun daun bulat dengan diameter 10 - 40 cm, bercangap menjari 7 - 9, ujung daun runcing, tepi bergigi, warna daun di permukaan atas hijau tua permukaan bawah hijau muda (Ada varietas yang berwarna merah). Tangkai daun panjang, berwarna merah tengguli, daun bertulang menjari. Bunga majemuk, berwarna kuning oranye, berkelamin satu. Buahnya bulat berkumpul dalam tandan, berupa buah kendaga, dengan 3 ruangan, setiap ruang berisi satu biji. Buahnya mempunyai duri-duri yang lunak, berwarna hijau muda dengan rambut merah.

Nama Lokal :
Jarak, jarak jitun, kaliki (Sunda), Jarak (jawa), Kaleke (Madura),; Gloah, lulang, dulang, jarak, kalikih alang, jarag (Sumatra),; Malasai, kalalei, alale, tangang jara, peleng kaliki jera (Sulawesi); Jarak (Bali), luluk (Roti), paku penuai (Timor), Balacai (Ternate), ; Balacai tamekot (Halmahera), tetanga (Bima), luluk (Roti),; Bi ma (China).;

BAGIAN YANG DIPAKAI:
Biji, akar, daun dan minyak dari bijinya.

KEGUNAAN:
Biji: Kesulitan buang air besar (Constipation), kanker mulut rahim dan
kulit (Carsinoma of cervix and skin), visceroptosis/ gastroptosis,
kesulitan melahirkan dan retensi placenta/ari-ari (difficult labor and
retention of placenta), kelumpuhan otot muka (facial nerve
paralysis), TBC kelenjar, bisul, koreng, scabies dan infeksi jamur.
Juga dipakai pada bengkak (edema).

Daun: Koreng, eczema, gatal (pruritus), batuk sesak, hernia.

akar: Rheumatik sendi, tetanus, epilepsi, bronchitis pada anak-anak,
luka terpukul, TBC kelenjar, schizophrenia (gangguan jiwa).

Minyak : Constipasi, koreng, luka bakar.

CARA PEMAKAIAN:
Biji :
1. Koreng:
20 biji dibuang kulitnya, dilumatkan menjadi berbentuk bubur,
ditambah sedikit garam dan diaduk rata. Tempel di tempat sakit
sehari 2x.

2. Prolapsus uterus dan rectum:
Lumatkan biji jarak dan dipakai/ditempelkan pada titik Pai hui yang
terletak di kepala.

3. Kesulitan melahirkan dan retensi placenta:
Lumatkan biji jarak dan tempelkan ketitik akupunktur Yungchuan
(VIII/1 = K-1) yang terletak di tengah-tengah telapak kaki.

4. Kelumpuhan otot wajah:
Lumatkan biji jarak, tempelkan pada sendi mandibular dan
lengkungan mulut, 1 x hari, selama 10 hari.

5. Kanker cervix:
Salep/cream berisi 3-50/o ricin & 3% dimethyl sulfoxide, dioleskan
pada kanker cervix 1 x / hari, 5 - 6x / minggu untuk 1 - 2 bulan.
Dilakukan bersama-sama dengan penyinaran extracorporal.

Efek samping:
nyeri perut, gatal pada liang kemaluan, gatal seluruh tubuh, eczema, biduran (Urticaria), serak, pembengkakan larynx, gatal pada tenggorokan, pengelupasan kulit telapak tangan dan kaki, menggigil, demam, yang hilang dengan obat-obat symptomatik.

Daun: Pemakaian luar: Direbus, airnya untuk cuci atau dilumatkan,
tempel.
- Bengkak: Daun dikukus matang, dibungkus ditempat yang sakit.
- Hernia: Daun + sedikit garam dilumatkan, tempelkan dititik
tengah telapak kaki.
- Koreng: Daun segar direndam air panas sampai lemas,
tempelkan ke tempat sakit.

Minyak:
- Constipasi: Anak-anak 4 ml dan Dewasa 5 - 20 ml, minum pagi
hari sewaktu perut kosong. Wanita hamil dan sedang haid
dilarang minum (Sebabkan kongesti ringan pada organ panggul).

Akar: 15 - 30 gr, rebus atau ditim, minum.
Pemakaian luar: Dilumatkan, tempel.
- Rheumatik persendian, epilepsi (Ayan): 15 - 30 gr akar direbus,
minum.
- Pegal-pegal, luka terpukul: 9 - 12 gr akar kering, rebus.

GEJALA KERACUNAN:
Sakit kepala, muntah berak, panas, leukositosis, gambaran darah putih bergeser kekiri, produksi kencing terhenti, keringat dingin, kejang-kejang, prostration, meninggal. Kematian dapat terjadi dengan menelan 20 biji jarak pada orang dewasa dan 2 - 7 biji pada anak-anak.
Menghilangkan racunnya dilakukan dengan cara memanaskan 100' C atau lebih selama 20 menit atau direbus selama 2 jam. Tetapi khasiat anti kanker hilang dengan pemanasan.

Komposisi :
SIFAT KIMIAWI DAN EFEK FARMAKOLOGIS: Biji : Rasa manis, pedas, netral. Biji segar sangat beracun, yang hilang dengan cara direbus selama 2 jam atau dengan pemanasan 100'C selama 20 menit. Anti radang, pencahar (purgative actions), koreksi prolaps, anti-neoplastik (anti-kanker), menghilangkan racun (eliminates toxin). Akar: Bersifat penenang, anti-rheumatik. KANDUNGAN KIMIA: Biji : Minyak ricinic 40- 50 % dengan kandungan glyceride dari ricinoleic acid, isoricinoleic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, dan stearic acid. Juga mengandung ricinine, sejumlah kecil cytochrome C, Lipase dan beberapa enzym. Disamping ricin D, dengan cara pemurnian bertingkat didapat acidic ricin dan basic ricin. Daun: Kaemferol-3-rutinoside, nicotiflorin, isoquercitrin, rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, astragalin, reynoutrin, ricinine, vit.C 275 mg %. Minyak: Ricinoleic acid 80%, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dihydroxystearic acid, triricinolein 68,2%, diricinolein 28%, monoricinolein 2,9%, nonricinolein 0,9%. Akar: Methyltrans-2-decene-4,6,8-triynoate, 1-tridecene-3,5,7,9,11-pentyne, Beta-sitosterol.

Sumber Sentra informasi IPTEK

Jarak pohon

Jarak pohon

Klasifikasi ilmiah
Regnum: Plantae
Divisio: Magnoliophyta
Kelas: Magnoliopsida
Ordo: Malpighiales
Familia: Euphorbiaceae
Subfamilia: Acalyphoideae
Tribe: Acalypheae
Subtribe: Ricininae
Genus: Ricinus
Spesies: R. communis
Nama binomial
Ricinus communis
L.


Jarak (Ricinus communis) adalah spesies tanaman dari Euphorbiaceae dan tergolong ke dalam genus Ricinus, subtribe Ricininae. Tanaman ini merupakan sumber minyak jarak, dan mengandung zat ricin, sejenis racun.

Tanaman jarak dapat tumbuh liar di hutan, tanah kosong, di daerah pantai, tapi sering juga dikembangbiakkan dalam perkebunan. Tanaman ini tergolong tanaman perdu, memiliki daun tunggal menjari antara 7 - 9, berdiameter 10-40 cm.

Jarak pohon merupakan satu-satunya tumbuhan yang bijinya kaya akan suatu asam lemak hidroksi, yaitu asam ricinoleat. Kehadiran asam lemak ini membuat minyak biji jarak memiliki kekentalan yang stabil pada suhu tinggi sehingga minyak jarak dipakai sebagai campuran pelumas.

Castor oil plant (Ricinus communis,)

Castor oil plant (Ricinus communis,)

The castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, is a plant species of the Euphorbiaceae (the evolution of this plant family is relatively unexplored [1]) the sole member of the genus Ricinus and of the subtribe Ricininae. Its seed is the castor bean which, despite its name, is not a true bean.

Castor seed is the source of castor oil, which has a wide variety of uses. The seeds contain between 40% and 60% oil that is rich in triglycerides, mainly ricinolein. The seed coat contains ricin, a poison, which is also present in lower concentrations throughout the plant.

The toxicity of raw castor beans is well-known, and reports of actual poisoning are relatively rare, even though as few as one bean can kill any human and four could kill a horse.[1][2]

Castor seeds have been found in Egyptian tombs dating back to 4000 BC being used mostly to fuel lamps because of the slow burning oil. Herodotus and other Greek travelers have noted the use of castor seed oil for lighting, body ointments, and improving hair growth and texture. Cleopatra is reputed to have used it to brighten the whites of her eyes. The Ebers Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian medical treatise believed to date from 1552 BC. Translated in 1872, it describes castor oil as a purgative.

Global castor seed production is around 1 million tons per year. Leading producing areas are India (with over 60% of the global yield), China and Brazil. There are several active breeding programmes.

Another plant species, Fatsia Japonica, looks similar to the castor oil plant and is known as the false castor oil plant.

Description
Castor oil plant can reach a height of 2–3 m in a year (if sown early, under glass, and kept at a temperature of around 20°Celsius/68°Fahreheit until planted out [2]).

The glossy leaves are 15–45 cm long, long-stalked, alternate and palmate with 5–12 deep lobes with coarsely toothed segments. Their colour varies from dark green, sometimes with a reddish tinge, to dark reddish purple or bronze.

The stems and the spherical, spiny seed pods also vary in pigmentation. The pods are more showy than the flowers (the male flowers are yellowish-green with prominent creamy stamens and are carried in ovoid spikes up to 15 cm long; the female flowers, borne at the tips of the spikes, have prominent red stigmas). [3]

Terminating stems are panicle-like inflorescences of green monoecious flowers, the stalked female flowers above the male flowers below, both without petals.

The fruit is a spiny, greenish capsule with large, oval, shiny, bean-like, highly poisonous seeds with variable brownish motling.

Nomenclature
The name Ricinus is a Latin word for tick; the seed is so named because it has markings and a bump at the end which resemble certain ticks. The common name "castor oil" likely comes from its use as a replacement for castoreum, a perfume base made from the dried perineal glands of the beaver (castor in Latin). It has another common name, Palm of Christ, or Palma Christi, that derives from castor oil's ability to heal wounds and cure ailments.
Habitat and growth
Although castor is indigenous to the southeastern Mediterranean region, Eastern Africa, and India, today it is widespread throughout tropical regions. [4] Castor establishes itself easily as an apparently "native" plant and can often be found on wasteland. It is widely grown as a crop in Ethiopia. It is also used extensively as a decorative plant in parks and other public areas, particularly as a "dot plant" in traditional bedding schemes. Of the red and white variety, the red is seen as an ornamental plant, the white is used medicinally.
Castor oil seed output in 2006

Although monotypic, the castor oil plant can vary greatly in its growth habit and appearance.

It is a fast-growing, suckering perennial shrub which can reach the size of a small tree (around 12 m), but it is not hardy. However it grows well outside, at least in Southern England, and the leaves do not appear to suffer frost damage in sheltered spots, where it remains evergreen. In areas prone to frost it is usually shorter and grown as if it were an annual.

Selections have been made by breeders for use as ornamental plants: 'Gibsonii' has red-tinged leaves with reddish veins and pinkish-green seed pods; 'Carmencita Pink' is similar, with pinkish-red stems; 'Carmencita Bright Red' has red stems, dark purplish leaves and red seed pods; all grow to around 1.5 m tall as annuals. [5] 'Impala' is compact (only 1.2 m tall) with reddish foliage and stems, brightest on the young shoots; 'Red Spire' is tall (2–3 m) with red stems and bronze foliage; 'Zanzibarensis' is also tall (2–3 m), with large, mid-green leaves (50 cm long) with white midribs. (Heights refer to plants grown as annuals.) [6]

Plant-animal interactions
Ricinus communis is the host plant of the Common Castor butterfly (Ariadne merione) and the Castor Semi-Looper moth (Achaea janata). It is also used as a food plant by the larvae of some other species of Lepidoptera, including Hypercompe hambletoni and the Nutmeg (Discestra trifolii).

Among birds, it is a favourite food of the Tambourine Dove (Turtur tympanistria).

Castor beans are very toxic.

Uses

Main article: Castor oil

Usage in ethnobotany The use of castor seed oil in India has been documented since 2000 BC for use in lamps and in local medicine as a laxative, purgative, and cathartic in Unani, Ayurvedic and other ethnomedical systems. Traditional Ayurvedic medicine considers castor oil the king of medicinals for curing arthritic diseases.

Castor seed and its oil have also been used in China for centuries, mainly prescribed in local medicine for internal use or use in dressings.

The oil has undecylenic acid, a powerful chemical for dermal fungus.

The oil is known to have been used as an instrument of coercion by the Fascist militia (Camicie Nere) under the regime of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. Dissidents and regime opponents were forced to ingest the oil in large amounts, triggering severe diarrhoea and dehydration, which could ultimately cause death. This punishment method was originally thought of by Gabriele D'Annunzio, the Italian poet and Fascist supporter, during the First World War.

It was used in rituals of sacrifice to please the gods in early civilizations.

In Brazil, castor plants are abundant. The "fruits" are used by children as slingshot balls. Mamonas, as the fruits are called, serve perfectly as projectiles for slingshots since they have the right weight, size and hardness. Mamona oil is now being used to produce biodiesel in poor rural areas of the country.

Production
India is world leader in Castor Beans production followed by China and then Brazil.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Ricinus communis)

Lidah Buaya (Aloe Vera Linn.)

Lidah Buaya (Aloe Vera Linn.)

(Aloe Vera Linn.)
Sinonim :
Aloe barbadensis, Mill. Aloe vulgaris, Lamk.

Familia :
Liliaceae

Penyakit Yang Dapat Diobati :
Shampo, minuman, Obat cacing, Luka bakar, Bisul, Luka bernanah; Amandel, Sakit mata, Keseleo, Kosmetik, Jerawat;

Uraian :
Tumbuhan obat ini Tumbuh liar di tempat yang berhawa panas atau ditanam orang di pot dan pekarangan rumah sebagai tanaman hias. Daunnya agak runcing berbentuk taji, tebal, getas, tepinya bergerigi/ berduri kecil, permukaan berbintik-bintik, panjang 15-36 cm, lebar 2-6 cm, bunga bertangkai yang panjangnya 60-90 cm, bunga berwarna kuning kemerahan (jingga), Banyak di Afrika bagian Utara, Hindia Barat. a. Batang Tanaman Aloe Vera berbatang pendek. Batangnya tidak kelihatan karena tertutup oleh daun-daun yang rapat dan sebagian terbenam dalam tanah. Melalui batang ini akan muncul tunas-tunas yang selanjutnya menjadikan anakan. Aloe Vera yang bertangkai panjang juga muncul dari batang melalui celah-celah atau ketiak daun. Batang Aloe Vera juga dapat disetek untuk perbanyakan tanaman. Peremajaan tanaman ini dilakukan dengan memangkas habis daun dan batangnya, kemudian dari sisa tunggul batang ini akan muncul tunas-tunas baru atau anakan. b. Daun Daun tanaman Aloe Vera berbentuk pita dengan helaian yang memanjang. Daunnya berdaging tebal, tidak bertulang, berwarna hijau keabu-abuan, bersifaat sukulen (banyak mengandung air) dan banyak mengandung getah atau lendir (gel) sebagai bahan baku obat. Tanaman lidah buaya tahan terhadap kekeringan karena di dalam daun banyak tersimpan cadangan air yang dapat dimanfaatkan pada waktu kekurangan air. Bentuk daunnya menyerupai pedang dengan ujung meruncing, permukaan daun dilapisi lilin, dengan duri lemas dipinggirnya. Panjang daun dapat mencapai 50 - 75 cm, dengan berat 0,5 kg - 1 kg, daun melingkar rapat di sekeliling batang bersaf-saf. c. Bunga Bunga Aloe Vera berwarna kuning atau kemerahan berupa pipa yang mengumpul, keluar dari ketiak daun. Bunga berukuran kecil, tersusun dalam rangkaian berbentuk tandan, dan panjangnya bisa mencapai 1 meter. Bunga biasanya muncul bila ditanam di pegunungan. d. Akar Akar tanaman Aloe Vera berupa akar serabut yang pendek dan berada di permukaan tanah. Panjang akar berkisar antara 50 - 100 cm. Untuk pertumbuhannya tanaman menghendaki tanah yang subur dan gembur di bagian atasnya.

Nama Lokal :
Lidah buaya (Indonesia), Crocodiles tongues (Inggris); Jadam (Malaysia), Salvila (Spanyol), Lu hui (Cina);

BAGIAN YANG DIPAKAI: Daun, bunga, akar, pemakaian segar,

KEGUNAAN:
1. Sakit kepala, pusing.
2. Sembelit (Constipation).
3. Kejang pada anak, kurang gizi (Malnutrition).
4. Batuk rejan (Pertussis), muntah darah.
5. Kencing manis (DM), wasir.
6. Peluruh. haid.
7. Penyubur rambut.

PEMAKAIAN:
Daun.. 10 - 15 gram, bila berbentuk pil: 1,5 - 3 gram.
Atau berupa bubuk (tepung) untuk pemakaian topikal.

PEMAKAIAN LUAR:
Daun dipakai untuk koreng, eczema, bisul, terbakar, tersiram air panas, sakit kepala (sebagai pilis), caries dentis (gigi berlubang), penyubur rambut.
a. Penyubur rambut:
Daun lidah buaya segar secukupnya dibelah, diambil bagian dalam
yang rupanya seperti agar-agar, digosokkan ke kulit kepala sesudah
mandi sore, kemudian dibungkus dengan kain, keesokan harinya
rambut dicuci. Dipakai setiap hari selama 3 bulan untuk mencapai
hasil yang memuaskan.

b. Luka terbakar dan tersiram air panas (yang ringan):
Daun dicuci bersih, ambil bagian dalamnya, tempelkan pada bagian
tubuh yang terkena api/air panas.

c. Bisul:
Daun dilumatkan ditambah sedikit garam, tempelkan pada bisulnya.

CARA PEMAKAIAN:
1. Kencing manis (DM):
1 batang lidah buaya dicuci bersih, dibuat durinya, dipotong-potong
seperlunya direbus dengan 3 galas air sampai menjadi 1 1/2 galas
Diminum sehari 3 x 1/2 gelas, sehabis makan.

2. Batuk rejan:
Daun sekitar 15 - 18 cm, direbus kemudian ditambah gula, minum.

3. Syphilis: Bunga ditambah daging: Direbus, minum.

4. Cacingan, susah buang air kecil:
15 - 30 gram akar kering lidah buaya direbus, minum.

5. Luka terpukul, luka dalam (muntah jarah):
10 - 15 gram bunga kering lidah buaya direbus, minum atau bunga
ditim dengan arak putih, untuk pemakaian luar.

6. Kencing darah:
15 gram daun lidah buaya diperas, ditambah 30 gram gula, ditambah
air beras secukupnya, minum.

7. Wasir:
1/2 batang daun lidah buaya dihilangkan duri-durinya, cuci bersih
lalu diparut. Tambahkan 1/2 cangkir air matang dan 2 sendok
makan madu, aduk, saring. Minum sehari 3 kali.

8. Sembelit:
1/2 batang daun lidah buaya dicuci dan dibuang kulit dan durinya,
isinya dicincang, lalu diseduh dengan 1/2 cangkir air panas dan
tambahkan 1 sendok makan madu, hangat-hangat dimakan, sehari
2 kali.

PERHATIAN :
Dilarang pakai untuk wanita hamil, gangguan pada sistem pencernaan dan diare.

Komposisi :
SIFAT KIMIAWI DAN EFEK FARMAKOLOGIS: Rasa pahit, dingin. Anti radang, pencahar (Laxative), parasitiside. Herba ini masuk ke meridian jantung, hati dan pancreas. KANDUNGAN KIMIA: Aloin, barbaloin, isobarbaloin, aloe-emodin, aloenin, aloesin.

Sumber IPTEK.net.id

Lidah Buaya

Lidah Buaya

Lidah Buaya (Aloe vera; Latin: Aloe barbadensis Milleer) adalah sejenis tumbuhan yang sudah dikenal sejak ribuan tahun silam dan digunakan sebagai penyubur rambut, penyembuh luka, dan untuk perawatan kulit. Tumbuhan ini dapat ditemukan dengan mudah di kawasan kering di Afrika.

Seiring dengan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, pemanfaatan tanaman Lidah Buaya berkembang sebagai bahan baku industri farmasi dan kosmetika, serta sebagai bahan makanan dan minuman kesehatan.

Secara umum, Lidah Buaya merupakan satu dari 10 jenis tanaman terlaris di dunia yang mempunyai potensi untuk dikembangkan sebgai tanaman obat dan bahan baku industri.

Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tanaman ini kaya akan kandungan zat-zat seperti enzim, asam amino, mineral, vitamin, polisakarida dan komponen lain yang sangat bermanfaat bagi kesehatan.

Selain itu, menurut Wahyono E dan Kusnandar (2002), Lidah Buaya berkhasiat sebagai anti inflamasi, anti jamur, anti bakteri dan membantu proses regenerasi sel. Di samping menurunkan kadar gula dalam darah bagi penderita diabetes, mengontrol tekanan darah, menstimulasi kekebalan tubuh terhadap serangan penyakit kanker, serta dapat digunakan sebagai nutrisi pendukung penyakit kanker, penderita HIV/AIDS.

Di negara-negara Amerika, Australia, dan Eropa, saat ini Lidah Buaya juga telah dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku industri makanan dan minuman kesehatan.

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

Aloe vera

Aloe vera

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asphodelaceae
Genus: Aloe
Species: A. vera

Binomial name
Aloe vera
(L.) Burm.f.

Aloe vera, also known as the Medicinal Aloe, is a species of succulent plant that probably originated in northern Africa. The species does not have any naturally occurring populations, although closely related Aloes do occur in northern Africa.[1] The species is frequently cited as being used in herbal medicine since the beginning of the first century AD, because it is mentioned in the New Testament (John 19:39–40 And there came also Nicodemus, which at the first came to Jesus by night, and brought a mixture of myrrh and aloes... ).[2] However, it is unclear whether the aloes described in the Bible are derived from A. vera. Extracts from A. vera are widely used in the cosmetics and alternative medicine industries, being marketed as variously having rejuvenating, healing or soothing properties.[3][4][5] There is, however, little scientific evidence of the effectiveness or safety of A. vera extracts for either cosmetic or medicinal purposes, and what positive evidence is available is frequently contradicted by other studies.[6][7][8][9] Despite these limitations, there is some preliminary evidence that A. vera extracts may be useful in the treatment of diabetes and elevated blood lipids in humans.[8] These positive effects are thought to be due to the presence of compounds such as mannans, anthraquinones and lectins.[8][10][11]

Description

A. vera are sometimes known as A. vera var. chinensis
A. vera is a stemless or very short-stemmed succulent plant growing to 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tall, spreading by offsets. The leaves are lanceolate, thick and fleshy, green to grey-green, with some varieties showing white flecks on the upper and lower leaf surfaces.[12] The margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth. The flowers are produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm (35 in) tall, each flower pendulous, with a yellow tubular corolla 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) long.[12][13] Like other Aloe species, A. vera forms arbuscular mycorrhiza, a symbiosis that allows the plant better access to mineral nutrients in soil.[14]

Taxonomy and etymology
The species has a number of synonyms: A. barbadensis Mill., Aloe indica Royle, Aloe perfoliata L. var. vera and A. vulgaris Lam.,[15][16] and common names including Chinese Aloe, Indian Aloe, True Aloe, Barbados Aloe, Burn Aloe, First Aid Plant, Wand of Heaven and Miracle Plant.[13][17][18][19][20] The species name vera means true or genuine.[17] Some literature identifies the white spotted form of A. vera as A. vera var. chinensis,[21][22] however, the species varies widely with regard to leaf spots[1] and it has been suggested that the spotted form of A. vera may be conspecific with A. massawana.[23] The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as Aloe perfoliata var. vera,[24] and was described again, twice, in 1768 by Nicolaas Laurens Burman and Philip Miller. Burman described the species as Aloe vera in Flora Indica on the 6th of April, 1768 while Miller described the species as Aloe barbadensis some ten days later in the Gardener's Dictionary.[25]
Techniques based on DNA comparison suggest that A. vera is relatively closely related to Aloe perryi, a species that is endemic to Yemen.[26] Similar techniques, using chloroplast DNA sequence comparison and ISSR profiling have also suggested that A. vera is closely related to Aloe forbesii, Aloe inermis, Aloe scobinifolia, Aloe sinkatana and Aloe striata.[27] With the exception of South African species, A. striata, these Aloe species are native to Socotra (Yemen), Somalia and Sudan.[27] The lack of obvious natural populations of the species have led some authors to suggest that A. vera may be of hybrid origin.[28]

Distribution
The natural range of A. vera is unclear, as the species has been widely cultivated throughout the world. It has been suggested that naturalised stands of the species occur through North Africa in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, along with the Canary and Madeira Islands.[15] The species was introduced to China, India, Pakistan and various parts of southern Europe in the 17th century.[29] The species is widely naturalised elsewhere, occurring in temperate and tropical regions of Australia, Barbados, Belize, Nigeria, Paraguay and the USA.[1][30] It has been suggested that, like many Aloes, the species is originally from Southern Africa and that populations that occur elsewhere are the result of human cultivation.[1]

Cultivation

Aloe vera growing as an ornamental plant
A. vera has been widely grown as an ornamental plant. The species is popular with modern gardeners as a putatively medicinal plant and due to its interesting flowers, form and succulence. This succulence enables the species to survive in areas of low natural rainfall, making it ideal for rockeries and other low-water use gardens.[12] The species is hardy in zones 8–11, although it is intolerant of very heavy frost or snow.[13][31] The species is relatively resistant to most insect pests, though mealy bugs, scale insects and aphid species may cause a decline in plant health.[32][33] In pots, the species requires well-drained sandy potting soil and bright sunny conditions. The use of a good quality commercial propagation mix or pre-packaged "cacti and succulent mixes" are recommended as they allow good drainage.[34] Terracotta pots are preferable as they are porous.[34] Potted plants should be allowed to completely dry prior to re-watering. During winter, A. vera may become dormant, during which little moisture is required. In areas that receive frost or snow the species is best kept indoors or in heated glasshouses.[13] Large scale agricultural production of A. vera is undertaken in Australia,[35] Cuba,[36] the Dominican Republic, Mexico,[37] India,[38] Jamaica,[39] Kenya and South Africa,[40] along with the USA[41] to supply the cosmetics industry with A. vera gel.

Anthropogenic uses

Moisturizer containing A. vera
Scientific evidence for the cosmetic and therapeutic effectiveness of Aloe vera is limited and when present is typically contradictory.[6][7] Despite this, the cosmetic and alternative medicine industries regularly make claims regarding the soothing, moisturising and healing properties of A. vera, especially via Internet advertising.[3][4][5][8] As a food, A. vera is very bitter and unpalatable.[42] A. vera gel, however, is used as an ingredient in commercially available yogurt, beverages and some desserts.[43][44][45] It is common practice for cosmetic companies to add sap or other derivatives from A. vera to products such as makeup, tissues, moisturizers, soaps, sunscreens, incense, razors and shampoos.[43] It has also been suggested that biofuels could be obtained from A. vera seeds.[46] Other uses for extracts of A. vera include the dilution of semen for the artificial fertilisation of sheep,[47] use as fresh food preservative,[48] and use in water conservation in small farms.[49]

Medicine
Aloe vera has a long association with herbal medicine, although it is not known when its medical applications were first discovered. Early records of A. vera use appear in the Ebers Papyrus from 16th century BCE,[20] in both Dioscorides' De Materia Medica and Pliny the Elder's Natural History written in the mid-first century CE[20] along with the Juliana Anicia Codex produced in 512 CE.[43] Contrary to the widespread belief that A. vera is non-toxic, excess ingestion of A. vera has been associated with a range of symptoms and conditions including diarrhea, hepatitis, kidney dysfunction, electrolyte imbalance and reduced CNS activity.[8][9][50] However, the species is used widely in the traditional herbal medicine of China, Japan and India.[8]

A. vera yoghurt
Aloe vera is alleged to be effective in treatment of wounds.[9] Evidence on the effects of A. vera sap on wound healing, however, is limited and contradictory.[9] Some studies, for example, show that A. vera promotes the rates of healing,[51][52] while in contrast, other studies show that the healing time of wounds to which Aloe vera gel was applied were significantly slower to heal.[53][54] In addition to topical use in wound or burn healing, internal intake of A. vera has been linked with improved blood glucose levels in diabetics,[55][56] and with lower blood lipids in hyperlipidaemic patients.[57] In other diseases, preliminary studies have suggested oral A. vera gel may reduce symptoms and inflammation in patients with ulcerative colitis.[58] Compounds extracted from A. vera have been used as an immunostimulant that aids in fighting cancers in cats and dogs;[10] however, this treatment has not been scientifically tested in humans. The injection of A. vera extracts to treat cancer has resulted in the deaths of several patients.[59]
A. vera extracts have antibacterial and antifungal activities. For example, A. vera extracts have been shown to inhibit the growth of fungi that cause tinea,[60] however, evidence for control beneath human skin remains to be established. For bacteria, inner-leaf gel from A. vera was shown to inhibit growth of Streptococcus and Shigella species in vitro.[61] In contrast, A. vera extracts failed to show antibiotic properties against Xanthomonas species.[62]

Biologically active compounds
A. vera leaves contain a range of biologically active compounds, the best studied being acetylated mannans, polymannans, anthraquinone C-glycosides, anthrones and anthraquinones and various lectins.[8][10][11]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

References
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^ "John 19:39 (New International Version)". biblegateway.com. http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2019:39. Retrieved on 2008-06-24.
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^ a b "Miracle of Aloe". http://www.miracleofaloe.com. Retrieved on 2008-06-23.
^ a b "Aloe Vera Australia". http://www.aloevera.com.au/. Retrieved on 2008-06-23.
^ a b Ernst E (November 2000). "Adverse effects of herbal drugs in dermatology". The British journal of dermatology 143 (5): 923–9. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03822.x. PMID 11069498.
^ a b Marshall JM (2000) Aloe vera gel: what is the evidence? Pharm J 244:360–362.
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^ a b c Yates A. (2002) Yates Garden Guide. Harper Collins Australia
^ a b c d Random House Australia Botanica's Pocket Gardening Encyclopedia for Australian Gardeners Random House Publishers, Australia
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^ Gao W, Xiao P (November 1997). "[Peroxidase and soluble protein in the leaves of Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.)Berger]" (in Chinese). Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica 22 (11): 653–4, 702. PMID 11243179.
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^ Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Vol. 2 pp. [i], 561–1200, [1–30, index], [i, err.]. Holmiae [Stockholm]: Impensis Laurentii Salvii.
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^ Darokar MP, Rai R, Gupta AK, Shasany AK, Rajkumar S, Sunderasan V and Khanuja SPS (2003). Molecular assessment of germplasm diversity in Aloe spp. using RAPD and AFLP analysis. J Med. Arom. Plant Sci.25(2): 354–361.
^ a b Treutlein, J., Smith, G. F. S., van Wyk, B. E. & Wink, W. (2003). Phylogenetic relationships in Asphodelaceae (Alooideae) inferred from chloroplast DNA sequences (rbcl, matK) and from genomic finger-printing (ISSR). Taxon 52:193.
^ Jones WD, Sacamano C. (2000) Landscape Plants for Dry Regions: More Than 600 Species from Around the World. California Bill's Automotive Publishers. USA.
^ Farooqi and Sreeramu (2001) Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops (Revised Edition). Orient Longman, India. p. 25.
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